diff --git a/.github/workflows/test.yaml b/.github/workflows/test.yaml
index ee2e144b..82bc2345 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/test.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test.yaml
@@ -80,4 +80,4 @@ jobs:
       - name: tests/misra/install.sh
         run: ${{ env.RUN }} "cd tests/misra && ./install.sh"
       - name: MISRA mutation tests
-        run: ${{ env.RUN }} "cd tests/misra && pytest -n2 test_mutation.py"
+        run: ${{ env.RUN }} "cd tests/misra && pytest test_mutation.py"
diff --git a/Jenkinsfile b/Jenkinsfile
index 22786b1d..2f5341c0 100644
--- a/Jenkinsfile
+++ b/Jenkinsfile
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ pipeline {
                   ["build", "scons -j4"],
                   ["flash", "cd scripts/ && ./reflash_internal_panda.py"],
                   ["flash jungle", "cd board/jungle && ./flash.py --all"],
-                  ["test", "cd tests/hitl && HW_TYPES=10 pytest -n0 --durations=0 2*.py [5-9]*.py"],
+                  ["test", "cd tests/hitl && HW_TYPES=10 pytest --durations=0 2*.py [5-9]*.py"],
                 ])
               }
             }
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ pipeline {
                   ["build", "scons -j4"],
                   ["flash", "cd scripts/ && ./reflash_internal_panda.py"],
                   ["flash jungle", "cd board/jungle && ./flash.py --all"],
-                  ["test", "cd tests/hitl && HW_TYPES=9 pytest -n0 --durations=0 2*.py [5-9]*.py"],
+                  ["test", "cd tests/hitl && HW_TYPES=9 pytest --durations=0 2*.py [5-9]*.py"],
                 ])
               }
             }
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ pipeline {
                   ["build", "scons -j4"],
                   ["flash", "cd scripts/ && ./reflash_internal_panda.py"],
                   ["flash jungle", "cd board/jungle && ./flash.py --all"],
-                  ["test", "cd tests/hitl && HW_TYPES=6 pytest -n0 --durations=0 [2-9]*.py -k 'not test_send_recv'"],
+                  ["test", "cd tests/hitl && HW_TYPES=6 pytest --durations=0 [2-9]*.py -k 'not test_send_recv'"],
                 ])
               }
             }
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ pipeline {
             stage('bootkick tests') {
               steps {
                 script {
-                  docker_run("test", 10, "pytest -n0 ./tests/som/test_bootkick.py")
+                  docker_run("test", 10, "pytest ./tests/som/test_bootkick.py")
                 }
               }
             }
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index d3b4f837..8e147c3a 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ name = "pandacan"
 version = "0.0.10"
 description = "Code powering the comma.ai panda"
 readme = "README.md"
-requires-python = ">=3.11,<3.13"
+requires-python = ">=3.11,<3.13"  # macOS doesn't work with 3.13 due to pycapnp from opendbc
 license = {text = "MIT"}
 authors = [{name = "comma.ai"}]
 classifiers = [
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@ dev = [
   "flaky",
   "pytest",
   "pytest-mock",
-  "pytest-xdist",
   "pytest-timeout",
   "pytest-randomly",
   "ruff",
@@ -69,7 +68,7 @@ flake8-implicit-str-concat.allow-multiline=false
 "pytest.main".msg = "pytest.main requires special handling that is easy to mess up!"
 
 [tool.pytest.ini_options]
-addopts = "-n0 -Werror --strict-config --strict-markers --durations=10 --ignore-glob='*.sh' --ignore=tests/misra --ignore=tests/som --ignore=tests/hitl"
+addopts = "-Werror --strict-config --strict-markers --durations=10 --ignore-glob='*.sh' --ignore=tests/misra --ignore=tests/som --ignore=tests/hitl"
 python_files = "test_*.py"
 testpaths = [
   "tests/"
diff --git a/setup.sh b/setup.sh
index 016b1820..41fb8ae2 100755
--- a/setup.sh
+++ b/setup.sh
@@ -12,11 +12,17 @@ if [[ $PLATFORM == "Darwin" ]]; then
   brew install --cask gcc-arm-embedded
   brew install python3 gcc@13
 elif [[ $PLATFORM == "Linux" ]]; then
+  # for AGNOS since we clear the apt lists
+  if [[ ! -d /"var/lib/apt/" ]]; then
+    sudo apt update
+  fi
+
   sudo apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
-    curl \
+    curl ca-certificates \
     make g++ git libnewlib-arm-none-eabi \
     libusb-1.0-0 \
-    gcc-arm-none-eabi python3-pip python3-venv python3-dev
+    gcc-arm-none-eabi \
+    python3-dev python3-pip python3-venv
 else
   echo "WARNING: unsupported platform. skipping apt/brew install."
 fi
diff --git a/test.sh b/test.sh
index 72879771..6412ce74 100755
--- a/test.sh
+++ b/test.sh
@@ -17,5 +17,5 @@ mypy python/
 
 # *** test ***
 
-# TODO: make xdist and randomly work
-pytest -n0 --randomly-dont-reorganize tests/
+# TODO: make randomly work
+pytest --randomly-dont-reorganize tests/
diff --git a/tests/hitl/3_usb_to_can.py b/tests/hitl/3_usb.py
similarity index 95%
rename from tests/hitl/3_usb_to_can.py
rename to tests/hitl/3_usb.py
index 638f4337..ba7081a4 100644
--- a/tests/hitl/3_usb_to_can.py
+++ b/tests/hitl/3_usb.py
@@ -1,10 +1,15 @@
 import time
+import pytest
 from flaky import flaky
 
 from opendbc.car.structs import CarParams
 from panda import Panda
 from panda.tests.hitl.helpers import time_many_sends
 
+pytestmark = [
+  pytest.mark.test_panda_types((Panda.HW_TYPE_DOS, Panda.HW_TYPE_RED_PANDA))
+]
+
 def test_can_loopback(p):
   p.set_safety_mode(CarParams.SafetyModel.allOutput)
   p.set_can_loopback(True)
diff --git a/tests/hitl/4_can_loopback.py b/tests/hitl/4_can_loopback.py
index 4c7f926a..63fce9d9 100644
--- a/tests/hitl/4_can_loopback.py
+++ b/tests/hitl/4_can_loopback.py
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ from flaky import flaky
 from collections import defaultdict
 
 from opendbc.car.structs import CarParams
-from panda.tests.hitl.conftest import PandaGroup
 from panda.tests.hitl.helpers import time_many_sends, get_random_can_messages, clear_can_buffers
 
 @flaky(max_runs=3, min_passes=1)
@@ -90,7 +89,6 @@ def test_latency(p, panda_jungle):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.panda_expect_can_error
-@pytest.mark.test_panda_types(PandaGroup.GEN2)
 def test_gen2_loopback(p, panda_jungle):
   def test(p_send, p_recv, address=None):
     for bus in range(4):
diff --git a/tests/hitl/9_harness.py b/tests/hitl/9_harness.py
index d588fa0a..ddd3516e 100644
--- a/tests/hitl/9_harness.py
+++ b/tests/hitl/9_harness.py
@@ -4,12 +4,10 @@ import itertools
 
 from opendbc.car.structs import CarParams
 from panda import Panda
-from panda.tests.hitl.conftest import PandaGroup
 
 # TODO: test relay
 
 @pytest.mark.panda_expect_can_error
-@pytest.mark.test_panda_types(PandaGroup.GEN2)
 def test_harness_status(p, panda_jungle):
   # map from jungle orientations to panda orientations
   orientation_map = {
@@ -61,7 +59,7 @@ def test_harness_status(p, panda_jungle):
       assert buses[2] == (0 if flipped else 2)
 
     # SBU voltages
-    supply_voltage_mV = 1800 if p.get_type() in [Panda.HW_TYPE_TRES, ] else 3300
+    supply_voltage_mV = 1800 if p.get_type() in [Panda.HW_TYPE_TRES, Panda.HW_TYPE_CUATRO] else 3300
 
     if orientation == Panda.HARNESS_STATUS_NC:
       assert health['sbu1_voltage_mV'] > 0.9 * supply_voltage_mV
diff --git a/tests/hitl/conftest.py b/tests/hitl/conftest.py
index ed20128f..c831e849 100644
--- a/tests/hitl/conftest.py
+++ b/tests/hitl/conftest.py
@@ -1,62 +1,32 @@
 import os
 import pytest
-import concurrent.futures
 
 from panda import Panda, PandaDFU, PandaJungle
 from panda.tests.hitl.helpers import clear_can_buffers
 
-# needed to get output when using xdist
-if "DEBUG" in os.environ:
-  import sys
-  sys.stdout = sys.stderr
-
 SPEED_NORMAL = 500
 BUS_SPEEDS = [(0, SPEED_NORMAL), (1, SPEED_NORMAL), (2, SPEED_NORMAL)]
 
-
-JUNGLE_SERIAL = os.getenv("PANDAS_JUNGLE")
+# test options
 NO_JUNGLE = os.environ.get("NO_JUNGLE", "0") == "1"
-PANDAS_EXCLUDE = os.getenv("PANDAS_EXCLUDE", "").strip().split(" ")
-HW_TYPES = os.environ.get("HW_TYPES", None)
-
-PARALLEL = "PARALLEL" in os.environ
-NON_PARALLEL = "NON_PARALLEL" in os.environ
-if PARALLEL:
-  NO_JUNGLE = True
-
-class PandaGroup:
-  H7 = (Panda.HW_TYPE_RED_PANDA, Panda.HW_TYPE_RED_PANDA_V2, Panda.HW_TYPE_TRES)
-  GEN2 = (Panda.HW_TYPE_UNO, Panda.HW_TYPE_DOS) + H7
-  TESTED = (Panda.HW_TYPE_RED_PANDA, Panda.HW_TYPE_RED_PANDA_V2, Panda.HW_TYPE_UNO)
-
-if HW_TYPES is not None:
-  PandaGroup.TESTED = [bytes([int(x), ]) for x in HW_TYPES.strip().split(",")] # type: ignore
-
 
 # Find all pandas connected
-_all_pandas = {}
 _panda_jungle = None
-def init_all_pandas():
+_panda_type = None
+_panda_serial = None
+def init_devices():
   if not NO_JUNGLE:
     global _panda_jungle
-    _panda_jungle = PandaJungle(JUNGLE_SERIAL)
+    _panda_jungle = PandaJungle()
     _panda_jungle.set_panda_power(True)
 
-  for serial in Panda.list():
-    if serial not in PANDAS_EXCLUDE:
-      with Panda(serial=serial, claim=False) as p:
-        ptype = bytes(p.get_type())
-        if ptype in PandaGroup.TESTED:
-          _all_pandas[serial] = ptype
-
-  # ensure we have all tested panda types
-  missing_types = set(PandaGroup.TESTED) - set(_all_pandas.values())
-  assert len(missing_types) == 0, f"Missing panda types: {missing_types}"
-
-  print(f"{len(_all_pandas)} total pandas")
-init_all_pandas()
-_all_panda_serials = sorted(_all_pandas.keys())
-
+  with Panda(serial=None, claim=False) as p:
+    global _panda_type
+    global _panda_serial
+    _panda_serial = p.get_usb_serial()
+    _panda_type = bytes(p.get_type())
+  assert _panda_serial is not None, "No panda found!"
+init_devices()
 
 def init_jungle():
   if _panda_jungle is None:
@@ -90,24 +60,9 @@ def pytest_collection_modifyitems(items):
     if item.get_closest_marker('timeout') is None:
       item.add_marker(pytest.mark.timeout(60))
 
-    # xdist grouping by panda
-    serial = item.name.split("serial=")[1].split(",")[0]
-    assert len(serial) == 24
-    item.add_marker(pytest.mark.xdist_group(serial))
-
     needs_jungle = "panda_jungle" in item.fixturenames
-    if PARALLEL and needs_jungle:
-      item.add_marker(pytest.mark.skip(reason="no jungle tests in PARALLEL mode"))
-    elif NON_PARALLEL and not needs_jungle:
-      item.add_marker(pytest.mark.skip(reason="only running jungle tests"))
-
-def pytest_make_parametrize_id(config, val, argname):
-  if val in _all_pandas:
-    # TODO: get nice string instead of int
-    hw_type = _all_pandas[val][0]
-    return f"serial={val}, hw_type={hw_type}"
-  return None
-
+    if needs_jungle and NO_JUNGLE:
+      item.add_marker(pytest.mark.skip(reason="skipping tests that requires a jungle"))
 
 @pytest.fixture(name='panda_jungle', scope='function')
 def fixture_panda_jungle(request):
@@ -116,6 +71,8 @@ def fixture_panda_jungle(request):
 
 @pytest.fixture(name='p', scope='function')
 def func_fixture_panda(request, module_panda):
+  # *** Setup ***
+
   p = module_panda
 
   # Check if test is applicable to this panda
@@ -123,14 +80,14 @@ def func_fixture_panda(request, module_panda):
   if mark:
     assert len(mark.args) > 0, "Missing panda types argument in mark"
     test_types = mark.args[0]
-    if _all_pandas[p.get_usb_serial()] not in test_types:
+    if _panda_type not in test_types:
       pytest.skip(f"Not applicable, {test_types} pandas only")
 
   mark = request.node.get_closest_marker('skip_panda_types')
   if mark:
     assert len(mark.args) > 0, "Missing panda types argument in mark"
     skip_types = mark.args[0]
-    if _all_pandas[p.get_usb_serial()] in skip_types:
+    if _panda_type in skip_types:
       pytest.skip(f"Not applicable to {skip_types}")
 
   # this is 2+ seconds on USB pandas due to slow
@@ -140,10 +97,10 @@ def func_fixture_panda(request, module_panda):
   # ensure FW hasn't changed
   assert p.up_to_date()
 
-  # Run test
+  # *** Run test ***
   yield p
 
-  # Teardown
+  # *** Teardown ***
 
   # reconnect
   if p.get_dfu_serial() in PandaDFU.list():
@@ -182,41 +139,27 @@ def func_fixture_panda(request, module_panda):
       assert can_health['total_error_cnt'] == 0
       assert can_health['total_tx_checksum_error_cnt'] == 0
 
-@pytest.fixture(name='module_panda', params=_all_panda_serials, scope='module')
+@pytest.fixture(name='module_panda', scope='module')
 def fixture_panda_setup(request):
   """
-    Clean up all pandas + jungle and return the panda under test.
+    Clean up panda + jungle and return the panda under test.
   """
-  panda_serial = request.param
-
-  # Initialize jungle
+  # init jungle
   init_jungle()
 
-  # Connect to pandas
-  def cnnct(s):
-    if s == panda_serial:
-      p = Panda(serial=s)
-      p.reset(reconnect=True)
+  # init panda
+  p = Panda(serial=_panda_serial)
+  p.reset(reconnect=True)
 
-      p.set_can_loopback(False)
-      p.set_power_save(False)
-      for bus, speed in BUS_SPEEDS:
-        p.set_can_speed_kbps(bus, speed)
-      clear_can_buffers(p)
-      p.set_power_save(False)
-      return p
-    elif not PARALLEL:
-      with Panda(serial=s) as p:
-        p.reset(reconnect=False)
-    return None
-
-  with concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor() as exc:
-    ps = list(exc.map(cnnct, _all_panda_serials, timeout=20))
-    pandas = [p for p in ps if p is not None]
+  p.set_can_loopback(False)
+  p.set_power_save(False)
+  for bus, speed in BUS_SPEEDS:
+    p.set_can_speed_kbps(bus, speed)
+  clear_can_buffers(p)
+  p.set_power_save(False)
 
   # run test
-  yield pandas[0]
+  yield p
 
-  # Teardown
-  for p in pandas:
-    p.close()
+  # teardown
+  p.close()
diff --git a/tests/hitl/run_parallel_tests.sh b/tests/hitl/run_parallel_tests.sh
deleted file mode 100755
index f60d838c..00000000
--- a/tests/hitl/run_parallel_tests.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env bash
-set -e
-
-DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" >/dev/null && pwd)"
-cd $DIR
-
-# n = number of pandas tested
-PARALLEL=1 pytest --durations=0 *.py -n 5 --dist loadgroup -x
diff --git a/tests/hitl/run_serial_tests.sh b/tests/hitl/run_serial_tests.sh
deleted file mode 100755
index 4feae5e3..00000000
--- a/tests/hitl/run_serial_tests.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env bash
-set -e
-
-DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" >/dev/null && pwd)"
-cd $DIR
-
-NON_PARALLEL=1 pytest --durations=0 *.py -x